spring final study guide

and search for, and insert an image that describes/demonstrates each of these terms. I have completed the first term as an example. Each question is worth 2 points (one for definition, and one for image) for a total of = 140 pts.

UNITS 6 & 7: GENETICS & GENETIC ENGINEERING (Chapters 7-9)

TERM (Define) IMAGE (resize by dragging corner of image)

1. denature- process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the 3-D structure (unravel) by exposing to acid or base, high temperatures, solvent, etc.
2. heterozygous- two different alleles.
3. homozygous - two of the same allele.
4. dominant- allele that is expressed when two different alleles or two dominant alleles are present (use capital letter to represent. (I. capital T).
5. recessive- only expressed if it has two copies of recessive present (use small-case letters to represent).
6. epigenetics: Genes in DNA are expressed when they are read and transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins by structures called ribosomes.
7. imprinted gene- a genetic phenomenon whereby certain genes are expressed in a specific way that depends on the sex of the parent..
8. genotype- combination of genes in an organism.
9. sex-linked carrier- a person who has disease but does not show disease symptoms.
10. Mutations- a change in a DNA sequence. (environmental, DNA, cell division).
11. Gene- a “piece” of DNA that provides a set of instructions to a cell to make a certain protein..
12. chromosome- a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. .
13. Punnett Square- is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Parents genotypes: Pp x Pp.

Genotypic Ratio: 1PP:2Pp:1pp.

Phenotypic Ratio: 3:.

P

p

P PP Pp

p Pp pp

In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over white (p) flowers. Two purple plants produce an offspring that is white.

1. reprograming (epigenetics)- the erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during development in mammals..
2. inbreeding- the mating of organisms closely related by ancestry.
3. epigenome- a record of chemical changes in the DNA and histone proteins of an organism .
4. codominance- when both heterozygous alleles are expressed equally; no blending involved.

23.. Incomplete dominance- when heterozygous alleles combine to form a blend for hybrids; blending involved.

1. Mesozoic era- Age of reptiles, First mammals. appeared, Era ended with mass extinction caused by meteorite impact.
2. Cenozoic era- Mammals. radiated during the Cenozoic. era.
3. Anthropocene- a proposed geological epoch dating from the commencement of significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems.
4. Paleozoic era- Huge diversity. of animal species evolved, At first all life was found in ocean, Eventually life moved onto land, Dead remains of organisms from this era changed into coal. and petroleum.
5. Precambrian era- originally defined as the era that predated the emergence of life in the Cambrian Period. It is now known, however, that life on Earth began by the early Archean.
6. lactase persistence- the continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood..
7. Genetic Drift (list two types)- a change in allele frequencies due to chance (the bottleneck and founder effect).
8. divergent evolution- accumulation of differences between closely related populations within a species, leading to speciation..
9. convergent evolution- the process whereby organisms not closely related, evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
10. coevolution- the process of reciprocal evolutionary change that occurs between pairs of species or among groups of species as they interact with one another..
11. reproductive isolation - individuals that are able to interbreed belong to the same species..
12. behavioral isolation - is reproductive isolation based on the behavior of species in the context of mating rituals and signals..
13. Sickle Cell Anemia- red blood cells have an abnormal crescent shape, block small blood vessels, and do not last as long as normal red blood cells. .
14. Peppered Moth (and type of selection it demonstrated) - the camouflage of the light moth no longer worked in the dark forest. Dark moths live longer in a dark forest, so they had more time to breed..

UNIT 8: ECOLOGY (Chapters 13-16)

1. predation- a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey..
2. symbiosis (and 3 types) - close ecological relationship between two or more organisms different species that live in direct contact with one another 3 types: commensalism, parasitism, mutualism .
3. density-dependent factors - can have either a positive or a negative correlation to population size..
4. density-independent factors - any influences on a population's birth or death rates, regardless of the population density..
5. Food chain and web - A food chain outlines who eats whom. A food web is all of the food chains in an ecosystem..
6. trophic levels - the position it occupies in a food web.
7. pioneer species (in succession) - the first to colonize barren environments or previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems that have been disrupted, such as by fire..
8. exponential growth (identify graph) - growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size. .
9. logistic growth (identify graph) - when a population's per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources.
10. carrying capacity - a species' average population size in a particular habitat..
11. biodiversity - a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth..
12. survivorship curve (type I, II, and III)- a graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group.
13. biomagnification - “the accumulation of a chemical by an organism from water and food exposure that results in a concentration that is greater than would have resulted from water exposure only”.
14. invasive species - not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. They can harm the environment, the economy, or even human health..
15. carbon cycle - biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth..
16. pyramid of numbers - the total number of individual organisms at each level in the food chain of an ecosystem.